Annals of Clinical Trials and Vaccines Research

Mutation Impact

 Given that the genomic mutation rate plays a critical role in many evolutionary processes, for instance evolution of mating systems, sex, ploidy levels, Y chromosomes, and species extinctions (Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 1998; Kondrashov, 1998), which many mutations cause diseases, it's of broad scientific interest to work out the factors that influence the speed of mutation. Currently, however, much remains unknown. Findings of correlations between the amount of reproductive cell divisions (DNA replication) and mutation rates in humans and other organisms suggest that the majority germ line mutations are replication errors. Specifically, human epidemiological data and/or nucleotide substitution rates of selectively neutral DNA (which equals the mutation rate, Kimura, 1983; Miyata et al., 1987) have shown that more mutations occur within the male than within the female germ line for varied animal taxa (e.g. humans, mice, chickens, and sheep) and in older instead of younger human males, patterns that every accept as true with the cell-division hypothesis (i.e. more DNA replications in males and especially older males; Penrose, 1955; Risch et al., 1987; Becker et al., 1996; Moloney et al., 1996; Li, 1997; Green et al., 1999; Crow, 2000; Li et al., 2002; Makova and Li, 2002). Other data, however, have indicated that the mutation bias reported relative to gender and male age aren't generally well correlated with the amount of reproductive cell divisions which other factors could explain these trends, like methylation patterns, differential repair, metabolic rates, and preferential transmission of mutations to progeny from older males .  

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