Annals of Clinical Trials and Vaccines Research

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Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers and structure of different entities within a state, namely the executive, parliament or legislature , and the judiciary; as well as the fundamental rights of citizens and, in federal countries such as the United States and Canada, the relationship between the central government and the state, provincial, or territorial governments. Not all nation states have codified constitutions, even though all of them have a jus commune or land law, which may consist of a variety of imperative and consensual rules. These may include customary law, conventions, statutory law, law made by judges, or international rules and standards. The constitutional law deals with the basic principles by which the government exercises its power. In some instances, these principles grant specific powers to the government, such as the power to tax and spend for the welfare of the population. Other times, constitutional principles act to set limits on what the government can do, such as banning an individual's arrest without a reason enough. Constitutional law is based in most nations, such as the United States , India, and Singapore, on the text of a document ratified at the time the nation came into being. Other constitutions, notably that of the United Kingdom, are heavily influenced by unwritten rules known as constitutional conventions; their status under constitutional law varies, and in some cases the terms of the conventions are strongly contested.

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