Xenobiotic Metabolism Scientific Journals
However, the term
xenobiotics is extremely often utilized in the context of pollutants like
dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and their effect on the biota, because
xenobiotics are understood as substances foreign to a whole biological system, i.e. artificial substances, which didn't exist in nature before their synthesis by humans.
The term xenobiotic springs from the Greek words ξÎνος (xenos) = foreigner, stranger and βίος (bios, vios) = life, plus the Greek suffix for adjectives - τικÏŒς, -ή, -ÏŒ (tic).
Xenobiotics are any chemical compounds that are found during a living organism, but which are foreign thereto organism, within the sense that it doesn't normally produce the compound or consume it as a part of its diet. for instance , in humans, most
drugs are a part of this category, since people don't produce them naturally, or consume them under normal circumstances.
Xenobiotics also can be defined as substances that are present in higher-thannormal concentrations, or ones that are entirely artificial and didn't exist before they were produced synthetically by humans. Drug metabolism is split into three Phases. In phase I
clinical trial , enzymes like cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II
clinical trial reactions. These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes like glutathione Stransferase. Finally, in phase III
clinical trial , the conjugated
xenobiotics could also be further processed, before being recognized by efflux transporters and pumped out of cells.
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