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Crop Genome

Genome is that the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and therefore the noncoding DNA, also as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is named genomics. A genome sequence is that the complete list of the nucleotides (A, C, G, and T for DNA genomes) that structure all the chromosomes of a private or a species. Within a species, the overwhelming majority of nucleotides are identical between individuals, but sequencing multiple individuals is important to know the genetic diversity. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes. Archaea have one circular chromosome. Most bacteria even have one circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome are often present during a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA are often replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have little or no repetitive DNA in their genomes. However, some symbiotic bacteria (e.g. Serratia symbiotica) have reduced genomes and a high fraction of pseudogenes: only ~40% of their DNA encodes proteins.      

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