Catatonia

 Catatonia may be a state of psycho-motor immobility and behavioural abnormality manifested by stupor. it had been initial delineated in 1874 by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum as Die Katatonie Oder River das Spannungsirresein (Catatonia or Tension Insanity).   Though catatonia has traditionally been associated with psychosis (catatonic schizophrenia), it's currently legendary that tonicity symptoms ar nonspecific and will be discovered in alternative mental disorders and medicine conditions. within the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and applied math Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), catatonia isn't recognized as a separate disorder, however is related to medical specialty conditions like psychosis (catatonic type), affective disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, narcolepsy, substance abuse or dose (or both). it should even be seen in several medical disorders together with infections (such as encephalitis), response disorders, meningitis, focal medicine lesions (including strokes), alcohol withdrawal, abrupt or to a fault fast minor tranquilliser withdrawal, neural structure illness, neoplasms, head injury, and a few metabolic conditions: homocystinuria, diabetic acidosis, internal organ neurological disorder and symptom.   It may be AN adverse reaction to prescribed medication. It bears similarity to conditions like cephalitis and neuroleptic agent malignant syndrome. There ar a range of treatments available; benzodiazepines ar a first-line treatment strategy. ECT is additionally typically used. there's growing proof for the effectiveness of NMDA receptor antagonists for benzodiazepine-resistant catatonia. Antipsychotics ar typically utilized however need caution as they will worsen symptoms and have serious adverse effects.