Journal of Leukaemia & Lymphoma Research

Oxidative Stress In HIV Infection Research Articles

 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a general term of oxygen intermediates with high reactive capacity towards various biological molecules. They include hydroxyl radical (HO•), singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anion (O2 •−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and other reactive species . ROS are produced in various cellular processes and organelles: electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), degradation of lipids, amino acids, and biogenic polyamines, protein folding in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and so forth . The most reactive type of ROS is the hydroxyl radical. It is produced from hydrogen peroxide that oxidizes divalent iron cations via the Fenton reactionFe2+ + H2O2 âŸ¶ Fe3+ + HO• + HO− or as a result of the Haber-Weiss cycle that involves a reduction of ferric ions by superoxide anions into ferrous ions followed by the Fenton reaction: Fe3+ + O2•− âŸ¶ Fe2+ + O2 Thus, the net reaction of the Haber-Weiss cycle can be described as O2•− + H2O2 âŸ¶ HO• + O2 + HO− Superoxide anions have several sources in cells. First, they are generated in mitochondria. Electron transport through the ETC during oxidative phosphorylation is generally accompanied by escape of up to 1-2% of electrons that are trapped by molecular oxygen. Alteration of mitochondrial bioenergetics by various factors usually gives rise to superoxide anion production. Secondly, superoxide anion is produced by a family of NADPH oxidases (NOX/DUOX), comprised of seven isoforms: NOX1–NOX5 and DUOX1-DUOX2 .  

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