International Shrimp Farming Journals:

 Most farms in shrimp-farming countries including Indonesia, initiated to modify their operations to comprise reservoirs to treat culture water before use. However, the Dipasena operation sustained using the single-pond culture system, which led to small and unsustainable production levels. When new organization took over in 2006, the single-pond system was re-engineered into units with 20 percent reservoirs at the core supply canal side. Operation of this modular system revitalized the process and led to steady production, relating a minimum water exchange and spending only treated water in culture production ponds. Though, the system had no wastewater treatment system for effluents cleared from the culture ponds throughout operation and harvest. 

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