Clinical benefits of Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (MICS CABG)

Corresponding Author:

Keita Kikuchi
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,
Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center,
Chiba,
Japan,
E-mail: kikuchicvs@outlook.com

Received date: 16-Dec-2022, Manuscript No. FMIC-22-83726; Editor assigned: 19-Dec-2022, PreQC No. FMIC-22-83726 (PQ); Reviewed date: 02-Jan-2023, QC No. FMIC-22-83726; Revised date: 09-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. FMIC-22-83726 (R); Published date: 19-Jan-2023, DOI: 10.37532/1755-5310.2023.14 (S14). 339

Abstract

The advantage of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is that it provides a good long-term prognosis. In particular, excellent long-term outcomes can be expected with the use of multiple arterial grafts such as BITA (bilateral internal thoracic artery) and radial artery. Due to the invasiveness of a sternotomy in CABG surgery, it tends to be shunned by patients who want a short recovery period and an early return to work. Taking all of these into consideration, Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (MICS CABG) has come to the fore in recent years. MICS CABG was introduced in 2009 and it allows graft deployment to all coronary territories. We are currently proactive in performing MICS CABG using multiple arterial grafts such as BITA, Radial Artery (RA), and Gastroepiploic Artery (GEA). Refinement of techniques in MICS CABG has enabled less invasive surgery that preserves the sternum but makes it possible to do graft configurations comparable with conventional CABG. We would like to introduce advanced MICS CABG as a new standard in surgical coronary revascularization.

Keywords

Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting • Bilateral internal thoracic artery • Hybrid coronary revascularization • Harmonic scalpel

Introduction

In recent years, Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (MICS CABG), which preserves the sternum and performs multi-vessel bypass through a left small thoracotomy, has attracted attention [1]. I will discuss how treatment for ischemic heart disease will change with MICS CABG and its future prospects based on our clinical experience.

Aorto-coronary bypass to MICS CABG

The first surgical coronary revascularization was performed by Kolesov in 1964 [2], and Favolaro, et al. first performed Aorto-Coronary artery bypass grafting in 1967 [3]. In 1986, Loop, et al. reported the favorable clinical results of Internal Thoracic Artery (ITA) usage in surgical revascularization [4]. Since then it has evolved into the conventional Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) that we know today, which uses ITA and Saphenous Vein Graft (SVG), performed under Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) with an arrested heart.

In 1996, Calafiore, et al. reported direct anastomosis of the Left Internal Thoracic Artery (LITA) and the Left Anterior Descending artery (LAD) through a small left anterolateral incision (MIDCAB: Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass) [5]. The minimally invasive approach to CABG was born. Thereafter, with the evolution of suction-type stabilizers, Off-Pump CABG (OPCAB) which performs multi-vessel bypass without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass has become popular as a less invasive form of CABG [6-8]. In 2009, McGinn, et al. reported on Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (MICS CABG) [9], opening the door to a new era of minimally invasive CABG.

What Is MICS CABG?

MICS CABG is surgical coronary revascularization done through a small left antero-lateral thoracotomy with or without CPB. The excellent operative field made possible by the new surgical instruments shown in the Figure 1, allows graft anastomosis to the ascending aorta and graft deployment to all coronary arteries [9]. Since MICS CABG does not violate the sternum, Deep Sternal Wound Infection (DSWI) will never be an issue even in severely diabetic patients. It is also expected that perioperative blood transfusions will be reduced. The minimally invasive approach will allow earlier discharge from the hospital and faster recovery after surgery [9-11]. Good results have also been reported in elderly patients [12]. MICS CABG can yield favorable long-term outcomes [13]. Initially LITA and SVG were the only conduits used in MICS CABG [9], but in 2014, the use of BITA Y-composite graft in MICS CABG was reported [14]. We reported the use of BITA in MICS CABG as an in-situ graft in 2015 [15]. Since then, many institutions have reported the use of BITA in MICS CABG [16-20]. We started doing MICS CABG since within 2012 and started using BITA in 2014 [15,16]. We are currently proactive in performing MICS CABG using multiple arterial grafts such as BITA, Radial Artery (RA), and right Gastroepiploic Artery (rGEA). Refinement of techniques in MICS CABG has enabled less invasive surgery that preserves the sternum but makes it possible to do graft configurations comparable with conventional CABG [20].

MICS CABG in our group

A review of MICS CABG based on the clinical results of our group was reported in 2022 [20].

Strategy and indication of MICS CABG

We currently aim to perform MICS CABG that preserves the sternum, does not use the cardiopulmonary bypass, and with minimal manipulation of the ascending aorta. We perform MICS CABG with these three main principles in mind.

Our indications for MICS CABG are shown in Table 1. Currently, we believe that MICS CABG is feasible in many cases. On the other hand, MICS CABG is not indicated in emergency cases such as Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), low cardiac output and cases with cardiomegaly. Furthermore, MICS CABG is contraindicated for patients with respiratory dysfunction such as severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) because the operation is performed with one-lung ventilation. MICS CABG is the default approach if there are no contraindications [21].

Table 1: Indications and contra-indications of MICS CABG.

Table 2: Distribution of conduits and target vessels in MICS CABG.

Surgical Procedure

We have developed this step-by-step approach in doing MICS CABG [22]

• Pre-operative contrast CT scans have been done routinely to assess ascending aorta and ITAs.

• The patient is put on 30 degrees right decubitus position and an 8 cm incision is made on the 5^th intercostal space on the left chest wall. ThoraTrack retractor^® (Medtronic, Inc) and TractatorTM Neo IMA Crane Retractor^® (Geister, German) are used to obtain a good surgical field during surgery.

• Left Internal Thoracic Artery (LITA) is harvested using a harmonic scalpel (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc) via port from inserted in the same intercostal space lateral to the initial incision, and Right Internal Thoracic Artery (RITA) has been harvested since 2014 with the same technique via the same incision and port.

• Proximal anastomosis is done on the ascending aorta using a partial occluding aortic clamp and with a tissue stabilizer used to retract the main pulmonary artery away from the aorta.

• The heart is displaced using a heart positioner or three deep pericardial sutures. Distal anastomoses are performed with usual suction-type tissue stabilizer. We intend to do multiarterial and an-aortic MICS CABG after overcoming the learning curve.

Using BITA and multi-arterial grafts

LITA+SVG grafts have long been used for CABG. Lytle, et al. reported favorable results for CABG using Bilateral Internal Thoracic Arteries (BITA) [23], and many articles have since reported the superiority of BITA [24-26]. However, the use of BITA is low [27], due to the increased risk of DSWI complications [28,29]. In addition, recent reports of good clinical results with RA have highlighted the usefulness of multiple arteries in the ART trial, which was supposed to demonstrate the superiority of BITA [30]. The use of multi-arterial grafts has been reported to improve long-term outcomes in CABG [30,31]. In the 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline, RA and ITA use are classified as class I [32], and the use of multiple artery grafts using ITAs and RA is recommended [32,33]. At the beginning of our MICS CABG series, we used LITA+SVG. Then we started using BITA in 2014 [16,17]. Now use BITA as our first choice. We prefer to use the Harmonic scalpel (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., NJ, USA), an ultrasonic energy device, for ITA harvesting (Figure 1). This allows longer ITAs to be harvested by skeletonization [34]. We also use the RA [35,36], as recommended by the guidelines, and r GEA [37,38]. We actively perform MICS CABG with a total arterial graft strategy [20]. Currently, there are many reports of MICS CABG using BITA [14-17,20] and graft deployment like the ones done in conventional CABG is possible in MICS CABG.

Discussion

Outcomes of MICS CABG

From February 2012 to May 2021, 247 consecutive patients who underwent MICS CABG using an ultrasonically skeletonized internal thoracic artery were reviewed retrospectively.

Multi-vessel bypass grafting was performed in 200 cases, in which triple bypass was the most common. We used BITA in 108 cases (43.4%), RA in 39 cases and r GEA in 26 cases. The total arterial graft strategy was completed in 126 cases (50.6%). Anaortic manner was achieved in 142 cases (57%). The average distal anastomosis was 2.6 and 94 cases (38.1%) underwent 3-vessel bypass, which was the most common. Average operative time was 289 min, CPB was used in 3 cases and there was no conversion to sternotomy. The distal anastomosis was possible for all territories which are shown in Table 2. There was no stroke and no DSWI. SSI was seen in 5 cases. There was one mortality (Table 3).

Table 3: Operative characteristics (left) and postoperative outcomes of our study.

Future Prospects of MICS CABG

An-aortic MICS CABG with aggressive use of BITA

We are aiming for MICS CABG to become the standard surgical coronary revascularization procedure done without the use of CPB or OPCAB via left small thoracotomy. The greatest advantage of OPCAB is the prevention of acute complications [39-41], and an-aortic CABG that does not touch the ascending aorta is recommended to prevent further cerebral complications [42,43]. Therefore, recently we have been aggressively incorporated the principle of an-aortic surgery in our MICS CABG with multiarterial grafting. We believe that securing multiple in-flows by in-situ BITA and rGEA, will provide good blood flow and avoid competitive flow in the grafts.

The aggressive use of arterial grafting with multiple in-flows allows an-aortic graft configuration, which provides comparable outcomes to conventional CABG shown in the Figure 2. It is also important to note that DSWI will not occur in MICS CABG, even in severe diabetic patients with poor glucose control, because it does not cut the sternum. We believe that an-aortic MICS CABG using BITA or multiple arterial grafts will avoid serious complications such as DSWI and cerebral infarction but provide the benefits of a minimally invasive procedure with good long-term outcomes.

MICS CABG and HCR (Hybrid Coronary Revascularization)

Based on the patient’s condition and SYNTAX score [44,45], coronary artery lesions are evaluated, and a treatment policy is determined for each patient according to current guidelines [32,33]. Some coronary lesions may be better off with PCI while some will be better with CABG. The advantage of CABG is not for the LAD alone. If a HCR approach is tailor-made for a specific lesion set, satisfactory results can be obtained for any coronary artery lesion. In recent years, many reports have described HCR, which basically involves robotically assisted LITA harvesting and LITA-LAD anastomosis, followed by the Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) for other lesions [46-49]. However, lesions favoring CABG are not limited to the LAD.

MICS CABG, which allows multi-vessel bypass with a small wound, is not limited to bypass of the LAD, but also allows HCR to combine multi-vessel MICS CABG with PCI using multiple arterial grafts such as BITA and RA. This new era of HCR is expected to achieve better long-term outcomes because of multi-arterial grafting and proper HCR planning. From now on, the heart team should consider “treatment decisions for each coronary artery” instead of “treatment decisions for each patient”. We believe that HCR tailormade for specific lesion sets, could spark a paradigm shift in the field of coronary revascularization. Of course, HCR should be performed with consideration of the patient’s general condition. There are two types of HCR: HCR using SITA as the minimum requirement and HCR using BITA or arterial grafts to achieve a good long-term prognosis. The heart team should discuss these issues in order to deepen understanding of the benefits of each treatment method. As stated in the guidelines [32]. The role of the Heart Team also exists in coronary revascularization, and its significance is great.

Conclusion

With the development of standard procedures and protocols, MICS CABG has become an established procedure for surgical coronary revascularization. The use of BITA, multiple arterial grafts, and even an-aortic surgery is now possible in MICS CABG. MICS CABG is expected to bring a new treatment option to the heart team as a revolutionary minimally invasive treatment.

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