Vaccine Drug Delivery Systems: A Short Note

Corresponding Author:

Farah Elora Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida E-mail: Farah_e@ucg.fl

Abstract

Introduction

A vaccine is a preparation that is made with the biological materials which improves immunity in particular with the disease or diseases in prior with no occurrence beforehand. This preparation typically contains the agent that resembles the causative microorganism and it is made or prepared from the weakened or killed form of the microbe with their toxic material as well as the surface proteins. The material that is present in the¬se preparations generally stimulates the immune system of the body in order to identify or recognize the foreign agents and so they destroy and maintain a record such that the immune system can more easily find them out and kill the microorganisms that resemble the same. These preparations can be either therapeutic or prophylactic. Of course, these vaccines cannot protect as a whole with 100% assurance but they may help the immune system to prevent from leading to the disease and can boost up the immune system.

The term vaccine is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow) that is devised by Edward Jenner in order to denote the cowpox. For the second time, on the name of chicken cholera and anthrax, Louis Pasteur developed. Vaccination is so called as immunization. It is a process where one’s immune system has the ability to act against the agent (immunogenic agent). This phenomenon also gives the ability for an individual to be resistant from the infectious diseases. There are two forms of the; one is active immunization and the other is passive immunization. Active immunization is phenomenon that occurs naturally when an individual comes in contact with a microbe. Therefore, the immune system will slowly create the antibodies as well as the other defense mechanisms. In terms of the passive immunization, sort of pre-synthesized elements were transferred to a person as such person cannot produce by themselves.

There are many types of the vaccines, such as traditional vaccines, innovative vaccines. The traditional vaccines include certain form of vaccine preparations such as; live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, conjugated, toxoid vaccines. In the innovative vaccines, the types of vaccines are conjugate and recombinant vector vaccines. The vaccine delivery systems can be delivered through needle vaccine and needle-free vaccine delivery systems. The needle vaccine delivery systems includes, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal etc. The Intra-muscular injection is one type of mode of vaccine administration that is used for administering the vaccine formulation and certain vaccines are to be injected in the IM form so as to minimize or reduce the adverse local effects due to the adjuvants that are present in the formulation or the preparation. The subcutaneous injections are the form of vaccine administering forms that is made above the muscle. The needle free vaccines are the types of the administrators for easy immunization. This includes oral administration, which is a sort of an approach through mucosal or nasal mucosa. The other form is transdermal administration that makes immunization process to penetrate through the skin. There are several strategies for mucosal vaccines, such as, live vectors, bacterial vectors, viral vectors and particulate delivery systems. Other strategies include in order enhancing the vaccine uptake.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.