Review Article - International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology (2022) Volume 17, Issue 1
Longstanding Complicated Wrist Swelling: Atypical Presentation of Primary Tuberculosis a Review Article and Mini Review.
- *Corresponding Author:
- Reem Hamdy A Mohammed
Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation- School of Medicine- Cairo University
E-mail: rmhamdy@yahoo.com
Received: 08-Oct-2021, Manuscript No. fmijcr-21-44226; Editor assigned: 12-Oct-2021, PreQC No. fmijcr-21-44226(PQ); Reviewed: 13-Jan-2022, QC No. fmijcr-21-44226; Revised: 18-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. fmijcr-21-44226(R); Published: 25-Jan-2022, DOI: 10.37532/1758-4272.2022.17(1).004-008
Abstract
Keywords
rheumatology • rehabilitation
Introduction
Primary (isolated) tuberculosis (TB) of the hand and wrist has been rarely reported in the literature, representing <1% of extra-pulmonary manifestations of the disease [1-3].
Symptoms vary depending on the specific wrist or hand joint which is affected by TB. The involvement of the wrist typically begins in the scapholunate joint. The diagnosis of wrist tuberculosis is often late; when discovered at an early stage, a well-followed medical treatment is usually enough to provide full healing.
Review Article
The case presented is an Egyptian illiterate 36-year-old housewife patient from a low income family, married with no off springs and has no special habits of medical importance was referred to the outpatient clinic of rheumatology and rehabilitation complaining of painless, swelling of the left wrist of 1 year and 6 months duration.
Previous medical history: The condition started with a painless of the left wrist, of gradual onset and progressive course, not associated with morning stiffness or local redness. The patient sought medical advice at orthopedic clinic at Al Kasr Alainy Hospital, where aspiration of one of the swellings and investigations were done [4-6].
Clinical presentation and investigations at encounter
The patient was referred to rheumatology and rehabilitation outpatient clinic. On examination there was a boggy synovial thickening with multilocular swelling on the dorsal aspect of the left wrist, with limited dorsiflexion and extension, no local redness or hotness. No evidence of arthritis or limited range of motion in any of the other joints of the upper or lower limbs. Examination of other body systems revealed no abnormality detected. Review of the past history for the present illness, the patient gave history of loss of weight despite of good appetite, vague history of unmeasured fever not associated with skin rash, rigors or excessive night sweats and not associated with an evident source of infection. The patient did not report any chest symptoms. There was no history of subcutaneous nodules, no other joint or musculoskeletal complaints of significance. There was no history of alopecia, oral ulcers, genital ulcers, malar rash, photosensitivity or Raynaud’s phenomenon, no history of DVT, TIAs, stroke or any vascular event, no history of cough, hemoptysis, or dyspnea. No history of tingling, hypothesia or muscle weakness, no history of chronic diarrhea or change of bowel habits or GIT bleeding. No history of bleeding from body orifices.
Laboratory investigations revealed normal complete blood count, normal chemistry and with normal ranges for inflammatory biomarkers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein), tuberculin test was weak positive.
Plain x ray of the wrist revealed an old fracture of Lt distal forearm with avascular necrosis of the scaphoid bone (Figures 1a and 1b) [7-9].
Figure 1. Plain radiography of the left wrist joint showing avascular necrosis of the scaphoid bone, large cystic lesions in distal radius, an old fracture of Lt distal forearm that was later surgically treated by wire fixation ( a& b respectively).
Musculoskeletal US revealed significant villous like synovial thickening with power Doppler signal indicating increased vascularity. Scaphoidectomy, wire fixation and synovectomy of extensor compartment were done at the orthopedic clinic (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Ultrasound examination of the left wrist using an 8-13 MHz linear transducer significant synovial thickening with increased vascularity on doppler examination with multiple locular fluid filled compartments and floating hyperechoic shadows.
Computerized tomography scan (CT scan) of the Lt wrist revealed an old non-united fracture of the left scaphoid bone waist with gapped sclerosed fracture ends and adjacent tiny bone chips. Scapholunate dissociation with widening intervening spaces. Anterior tilt of the lunate bone denoting ventral intercalated segmental instability. Secondary osteo-arthritic changes of radiocarpal joint with marginal osteophytosis of articular surface. Multi-locular cystic lesion is seen along dorsum of Lt wrist measuring 3.2 x 2.5 cm, likely extensor tendon tenosynovitis (Figures 3a and 3b).
Figure 3 (a & b). Computerized tomography scan (CT scan) of the Lt wrist revealed an old non-united fracture of the left scaphoid bone waist with gapped sclerosed fracture ends and adjacent tiny bone chips. Scapholunate dissociation with widening intervening spaces. Anterior tilt of the lunate bone denoting ventral intercalated segmental instability. Secondary osteo-arthritic changes of radio-carpal joint with marginal osteophytosis of articular surface. Multi-locular cystic lesion is seen along dorsum of Lt wrist measuring 3.2 x 2.5 cm, likely extensor tendon tenosynovitis.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left wrist revealed normal appearance of the proximal and distal carpal bones with no evidence of avascular necrosis (AVN). No fluid collection was seen (Figure 4).
Figure 4. MRI of the left wrist using different pulse sequences in different planes Scaphoid fracture is seen. Normal appearance of the proximal and distal carpal bones with no evidence of avascular necrosis (AVN). No fluid collection is seen.
Pathology, microscopy and histopathological examination of the excised synovial tissue
Gross pathological examination revealed multiple irregular fibrofatty tissue pieces, collectively measuring 6x6 cm with rubbery tan cut section. Multiple irregular tan pink tissue pieces, collectively measuring 2x2 cm totally submitted.
Microscopic tissue examination revealed synovial tissue showing multiple scattered granulomatous tubercles formed of epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes. Moderate fibrosing reaction. Minimal caseation. Fibrinous material. Positive culture for tuberculosis (T.B). Findings consistent with tuberculous infection with tuberculous synovitis.
Treatment
The patient was started on anti-tuberculous therapy together with radical synovectomy showing a good response to treatment [10-12].
Conclusion
In the presented Review Article authors present a rare case of persistent wrist swelling in a middle-aged female that was diagnosed radiologically and histo-pathologically as a case of primary tuberculosis of the wrist joint.
Tuberculosis of wrist joint though uncommon should be considered amongst the differentials in any atypical presentation with wrist pain and/or swelling of the wrist joint with or without significant history of concomitant or past tuberculous infection with special consideration of patient related socioeconomic and educational factors.
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