An Overview on Diabetes Mellitus

Corresponding Author:

Paolo Ivo Cavoretto Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil E-mail: cavoretto_pi@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus, sometimes known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic problems characterized by a persistently high glucose level. Consecutive pee, increased thirst, and increased appetite are common signs. Diabetes, if left untreated, can lead to a slew of unanticipated complications. Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia, and death are all serious complications. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic renal infection, foot ulcers, nerve damage, vision damage, and mental impediment are all real long-term problems. Diabetes is caused by either the pancreas failing to produce enough insulin or the body’s cells failing to respond to the insulin provided as expected. Diabetes mellitus can be classified into three types.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the pancreas’ inability to produce enough insulin due to the loss of beta cells. The term “insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus” or “adolescent diabetes” was recently used to describe this pattern. Beta cell insufficiency is caused by a reaction of the immune system. The cause of this immune system response is unknown.

Insulin blockage, a disease in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly, is the beginning of type 2 diabetes. A lack of insulin may develop as the illness progresses. The term “non-insulin-subordinate diabetes mellitus” or “grown-up starting diabetes” was recently used to describe this structure. The most well-known cause is a combination of excessive body weight and inactivity. The third primary structure is gestational diabetes, which occurs when pregnant women who have never had diabetes have excessive glucose levels.

Insulin infusions should be used to treat type-1 diabetes. Type-2 diabetes can be prevented and treated by following a healthy eating plan, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy body weight, and refraining from smoking. Type 2 diabetes can be managed with or without insulin and oral anti-diabetic medications. Controlling circulatory strain and maintaining proper foot and eye care are critical for those suffering from the disease. Low glucose can be caused by insulin and a few oral medications (hypoglycaemia). In those with type 2 diabetes, weight loss medical procedure is sometimes a beneficial measure. Gestational diabetes usually disappears following the birth of the kid.

In 2019, an estimated 463 million people worldwide (8.8% of the adult population) were diagnosed with diabetes, with type 2 diabetes accounting for about 90% of cases. In both women and men, rates are comparable. The current trend indicates that rates will continue to rise. Diabetes fundamentally multiplies a person’s risk of dying young. Diabetes claimed the lives of over 4.2 million people in 2019. It is the world’s sixth leading cause of death. In 2017, the global monetary cost of diabetes-related well-being consumption was estimated to be US$727 billion. Diabetes cost the United States around $327 billion in 2017. Diabetes patients consume around 2.3 times more than the average person. Accidental weight loss, polyuria (expanding pee), polydipsia (expanded thirst), and polyphagia are examples of uncontrolled diabetes side effects (expanded appetite). In type 1 diabetes, symptoms may develop swiftly (weeks or months), whereas in type 2 diabetes, symptoms develop more slowly and may be inconspicuous or absent.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

The author declares there is no conflict of interest.