Abstract

Is uric acid causative or just correlative in the Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of obesity/diabetes?

Author(s): Eric E Kelley and Robert M. O Doherty

Systemic hyperuricemia (HyUA) in obesity/diabetes is facilitated by the elevated activity of xanthine
oxidoreductase (XOR) and has been associated with as well as proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis
of obesity/diabetes-mediated metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction. Unfortunately, the mechanistic
details distinguishing correlative versus causative roles for UA are not defined. As such, we examined the
metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of systemically diminishing UA (XOR inhibitor) or specifically
reducing XOR and UA in the liver (genetic ablation) in diet-induced obese mice (male C57Blk/J6). Mice
with hepatocyte-specific ablation of Xdh (HXO) and genetic controls were subjected to diet-induced
obesity (41%) for 26 weeks and characterized metabolically. Likewise, wildtype mice were subjected to
high-fat feeding (60%) for 13 weeks and then maintained on this diet while being treated with the XOR
inhibitor febuxostat for 7 additional weeks. Lean HXO mice demonstrated substantially lower liver and
plasma UA levels compared to genetic or wildtype controls; yet, in the context of obesity, systemic HyUA
was absent in HXO mice. Despite this, obese HXO mice became as insulin resistant and dyslipidemic as
obese controls. Similarly, febuxostat dramatically lowered plasma and tissue UA in obese wildtype mice
without altering obesity-associated dyslipidemia or insulin resistance (euglycemic clamps). On the
other hand, both HXO and febuxostat-treated mice displayed diminished obesity-mediated vascular
dysfunction. Combined, these data demonstrate that: 1) hepatocyte Xdh is a critical determinant of
systemic UA homeostasis and deletion of hepatocyte Xdh is sufficient to prevent systemic HyUA allied
to diet-induced obesity, 2) neither prevention nor correction of HyUA, in this/these models, improves
insulin resistance/dyslipidemia and 3) both genetic ablation and pharmacologic inhibition of XOR resulted
in improved vascular and cardiac function. These results indicate, in this/these models of obesity, UA is
not causative of metabolic dysfunction whereas elevated XOR activity does alter cardiovascular function.