Journal of Diabetes Medication & Care

Role Of Thyroid Hormones Research Articles

 Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role in normal endochondral ossification and is essential for skeletal development, linear growth, maintenance of bone mass, and efficient fracture healing. Juvenile hypothyroidism causes growth arrest with delayed bone formation and mineralization, and T4 replacement induces rapid catch-up growth. By contrast, childhood thyrotoxicosis accelerates bone formation with premature closure of the growth plates and skull sutures, leading to short stature and craniosynostosis. Although there is considerable evidence regarding the importance of TH in skeletal development, the molecular mechanisms of TH action in bone are poorly understood. In this chapter, we discuss regulation and mechanisms of action of TH during skeletal development with particular emphasis on areas in which recent advances have been made. Thyroid hormones are two hormones produced and released by the thyroid, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily liable for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine. A deficiency of iodine results in decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and can cause the disease referred to as simple goitre. The major sort of hormone within the blood is thyroxine (T4), which features a longer half-life than T3. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to fourfold stronger than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5′-iodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to supply iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is important for T3 production.  

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