Pre-testicular Causes
Pre-testicular (not obstructive) causes: Poor sex
hormone production prevents testicles from producing sperm. This can be caused by Kallmann Syndrome: a genetic (inherited) disorder that is transmitted to the X
chromosome and is characterized by low levels of gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) and loss of odour. GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete
hormones that control the reproductive system. Factors that influence the regulation of normal testicular
hormones are obesity, low
testosterone levels, drugs, steroids, drugs. Pre-testicular factors are associated with conditions that inhibit adequate testicular support and include situations with poor hormonal support and poor overall health, including varicoceles, a condition of testicular swelling. Recently there has been increasing evidence of abnormal sperm DNA
methylation associated with abnormal sperm parameters and male infertility. Common variants inherited in genes that encode enzymes used to correct DNA incompatibility are associated with an increased risk of DNA damage and sperm
infertility in men. As a man ages, sperm quality continues to decline, and this decrease seems to be caused by DNA damage.
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