ISSN: 2041-6792

Clinical Investigation

Pharmacodynamics Impact Factor

 In reality, there are many factors affecting this goal. Pharmacokinetic factors determine peak concentrations, and concentrations can't be maintained with absolute consistency due to metabolic breakdown and excretory clearance. Genetic factors may exist which might alter metabolism or drug action itself, and a patient's immediate status can also affect indicated dosage.   This expression is a method to think about the effect of a drug, during which the response is said to the fraction of bound receptors (see: Hill equation). The fraction of bound receptors is known as occupancy. The relationship between occupancy and pharmacological response is typically non-linear. This explains the so-called receptor reserve phenomenon i.e. the concentration producing 50% occupancy is usually above the concentration producing 50% of maximum response. More precisely, receptor reserve refers to a phenomenon whereby stimulation of only a fraction of the entire receptor population apparently elicits the maximal effect achievable during a particular tissue. Taking a more sophisticated approach, receptor reserve is an integrative measure of the response-inducing capacity of an agonist (in some receptor models it is termed intrinsic efficacy or intrinsic activity) and of the signal amplification capacity of the corresponding receptor (and its downstream signaling pathways). Thus, the existence (and magnitude) of receptor reserve depends on the agonist (efficacy), tissue (signal amplification ability) and measured effect (pathways activated to cause signal amplification). As receptor reserve is extremely sensitive to agonist's intrinsic efficacy, it's usually defined just for full (high-efficacy) agonists The concept of pharmacodynamics has been expanded to incorporate Multicellular Pharmacodynamics (MCPD). It is the study of the workings of a drug on a minimal multicellular system (mMCS), both in vivo and in silico. 

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