Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine

Haemoglobin Peer-review Journals

Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that brings oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body, and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs from the tissues. Hemoglobin is composed of four associated protein molecules (globulin chains). The natural molecule for adult hemoglobin (Hbg) comprises two chains of alpha-globulin and two chains of beta-globulin. Beta chains are not present in fetuses and babies, and the molecule of hemoglobin is composed of two alpha chains and two gamma chains. When the baby develops, the gamma chains are slowly replaced by beta chains, which form the backbone of adult hemoglobins, That chain of globulin comprises a significant central structure called the heme molecule. Embedded inside the heme molecule is iron that is essential to our blood for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin-containing iron is also responsible for blood red colour. This plays an significant part in holding the red blood cells in shape. Hemoglobin is also found outside of the red blood cells and their lineages. Other cells containing hemoglobin include A9 dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, macrophages, alveolar cells, lungs, retinal pigment epithelium, hepatocytes, kidney mesangial cells, endometrial cells, cervical cells, and vaginal epithelial cells. Hemoglobin has a non-oxygen-carrying function as an antioxidant and an iron metabolism regulator in these tissues. 

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