ISSN: 2041-6792

Clinical Investigation

Retinal Ischemia Symptoms Peer-review Journals

Acute retinal arterial ischemia, which incorporates vascular transient sight loss (TMVL or retinal transient ischemic attack), branch retinal arterial occlusion (BRAO), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and arteriaophthalmica occlusion (OAO), may be a classic explanation for acute painless sight loss. Acute retinal arterial ischemia can be caused by any process that interrupts blood flow through the central retinal artery (CRA). The CRA, which originates from the arteriaophthalmica (the first intracranial branch off the interior carotid artery), mainly supplies blood to the inner retina, including the macula and fovea. TMVL is caused by transient occlusion of the CRA or its branches and causes unilateral vision loss typically lasting several minutes, followed by spontaneous recovery of vision without detectable permanent functional visual deficits. Conversely, BRAO and CRAO are caused by longer-lasting partial or complete occlusion of the CRA or its branches, leading to permanent visual dysfunction [decreased visual acuity and/or visual field deficits. Typically, CRAO produces severe visual dysfunction (very poor acuity and/or severely constricted visual field), while BRAOAcute retinal ischemias are often broadly classified as arteritic, i.e. due to vasculitis, or non-arteritis’, i.e. not due to vasculitis. Except for the paragraph in this section which briefly discusses giant cell arteritis (GCA; temporal arteritis) the terms TMVL, OAO, CRAO, and BRAO will be used to refer to the non-arteritic forms of acute retinal arterial ischemia.      

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